Chester Parish of the Episcopal Church and Slavery

George Shivers • January 18, 2022


The Anglican Church presence in Chestertown goes back in all probability to the designation of the town as port of entry for Cecil, Kent, and Queen Anne’s counties.

 

The original building was constructed of wood and was replaced in 1720 by a brick structure. That structure was replaced in 1767, after Chester Parish was created the year before out of parts of the two existing parishes, Shrewsbury and St. Paul's, Kent.

 

This new structure built between 1767 and 1772 was constructed with proceeds from the sale of 50,000 lbs. of tobacco collected as a tax on the members of the parish. There can be no doubt that the tobacco resulted from enslaved labor on the local plantations. Whether enslaved laborers were actually involved in laying the bricks is not documented, but it would not have been unusual for enslavers to rent out their workers for such labor.

 

From 1780-89, Rev. William Smith, D.D., was rector of Chester Parish Chapel, while at the same time serving as principal of the Kent School and, in 1782, founder of Washington College.

 

Dr. Smith is known to have owned as many as three enslaved persons, one of whom tried to escape twice. He arrived in Chestertown with one enslaved person, a teenaged or young woman named Dinah. She no doubt worked in the Smith home under the direction of Dr. Smith’s wife, Rebecca. 


The second was a young man named Cyrus, who tried to run away twice, but was captured each time. He was put up for sale or hire in 1803 after Dr. Smith had left Chestertown. The sales advertisement described him as an able farm worker “immoderately given to drink.” This latter characteristic he apparently shared with Dr. Smith himself!  


In 1783, Dr. Smith purchased a boy named Primus, who was described as “a favorite Negro body-servant of Dr. Smith.” Primus was part of the Smith household until he died in 1801.

 

Dr. Smith solicited funds from major land holders across the Eastern Shore to establish his college. 


Albin Kowaleski, a 2007 alumnus of Washington College, researched 1790 census data and learned that only 14 of the 356 original donors did not own slaves. Those first subscribers included some of the state’s most prominent citizens, including members of the Lloyd family, William Paca, and several members of the Goldsborough family, as well as George Washington, who gave his name and the sum of 50 guineas to the institution.


Further evidence of the involvement of Chester Parish in slavery is documented in the federal census of 1790. Comparing a list of parishioners who rented pews in 1772 with that census for Kent County shows that 63 of 72 pew owners were owners of enslaved men and women. 


The Ringgold family was one of the most prominent families in Kent County in the 18th century and most of them were members of Kent Parish Chapel, the predecessor of today’s Emmanuel Episcopal Church. Thomas Ringgold, a member of that church who died in 1772 at the age of 82, is known as one of the biggest slave traders in the county. Other Ringgold church members include William Ringgold, who owned 11 slaves, James Ringgold who owned 10, and a second James Ringgold who owned 31. 


Members who served on the vestry or as wardens in 1772 were Thomas Wilkins and Moses Alford, who owned two enslaved persons each. In subsequent years, church leaders who held human beings in slavery were John Angier, owner of six enslaved people in 1774; Michael Corse and Simon Wickes, who owned seven and 14 enslaved persons in 1779; and in 1802, Thomas Worrell and Simon Wilmer, who owned six and 19 enslaved persons respectively.


This article concentrates on the period from 1767 until 1802, because later records are not available. Yet these records show just how deeply Chester Parish was involved with slavery. Slavery was abolished by a new constitution in Maryland in 1864, which barely managed to be approved by a majority of the state’s voters. In fact, it was only the votes of Union soldiers that took it over the top. It was not approved by a majority of Eastern Shore voters.



The 1767-72 church was reconfigured in 1880, eliminating a second story and thereby a gallery that had surrounded the sanctuary on three sides. At that point, the church was named Emmanuel. Prior to that it had been known only as Chester Parish chapel. 


Some in the community have suggested that the gallery’s removal took place, in least in part, to remove any remaining trace of slavery. I have found no documentation that slaves actually worshiped in the gallery, but such was often the case in 18th and 19th century churches. Nor have I found any documentation that the gallery was removed to eliminate associations with slavery, but that removal does seem to be part of an oral tradition at the very least.



Sources:

Emmanuel Episcopal Church History     

https://www.emmanuelchesterparish.org/history

                                                             

The USGenWeb Census Project, 1790 federal census, transcribed by Fred Heine

http://www.us-census.org/states/maryland/

 

Washington College, William Smith

https://www.washcoll.edu/campus-community/asterisk-initiative/william-smith.php

 

 

A native of Wicomico County, George Shivers holds a doctorate from the University of Maryland and taught in the Foreign Language Dept. of Washington College for 38 years before retiring in 2007. He is also very interested in the history and culture of the Eastern Shore, African American history in particular.

 

Common Sense for the Eastern Shore

By Friends of Megan Outten July 29, 2025
Megan Outten, a lifelong Wicomico County resident and former Salisbury City Councilwoman, officially announced her candidacy recently for Wicomico County Council, District 7. At 33, Outten brings the energy of a new generation combined with a proven record of public service and results-driven leadership. “I’m running because Wicomico deserves better,” Outten said. “Too often, our communities are expected to do more with less. We’re facing underfunded schools, limited economic opportunities, and years of neglected infrastructure. I believe Wicomico deserves leadership that listens, plans ahead, and delivers real, measurable results.” A Record of Action and A Vision for the Future On Salisbury’s City Council, Outten earned a reputation for her proactive, hands-on approach — working directly with residents to close infrastructure gaps, support first responders, and ensure everyday voices were heard. Now she’s bringing that same focus to the County Council, with priorities centered on affordability, public safety, and stronger, more resilient communities. Key Priorities for District 7: Fully fund public schools so every child has the opportunity to succeed. Fix aging infrastructure and county services through proactive investment. Keep Wicomico affordable with smarter planning and pathways to homeownership. Support first responders and safer neighborhoods through better tools, training, and prevention. Expand resources for seniors, youth, and underserved communities. Outten’s platform is rooted in real data and shaped by direct community engagement. With Wicomico now the fastest-growing school system on Maryland’s Eastern Shore — and 85% of students relying on extra resources — she points to the county’s lagging investment as a key area for action. “Strong schools lead to strong jobs, thriving industries, and healthier communities,” Outten said. “Our schools and infrastructure are at a tipping point. We need leadership that stops reacting after things break — and starts investing before they do.” A Commitment to Home and Service Born and raised in Wicomico, Megan Outten sees this campaign as a continuation of her lifelong service to her community. Her vision reflects what she’s hearing from neighbors across the county: a demand for fairness, opportunity, and accountability in local government. “Wicomico is my home; it’s where I grew up, built my life, and where I want to raise my family,” Outten said. “Our county is full of potential. We just need leaders who will listen, work hard, and get things done. That’s what I’ve always done, and that’s exactly what I’ll continue to do on the County Council.” Outten will be meeting with residents across District 7 in the months ahead and unveiling more details of her platform. For more information or to get involved, contact info@meganoutten.com
By John Christie July 29, 2025
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Justice Kagan, joined by Justices Sotomayor and Jackson, dissented, asserting that Humphrey’s remains good law until overturned and forecloses both the President’s firings and the Court’s decision to award emergency relief.” Our emergency docket, while fit for some things, should not be used to “overrule or revise existing law.” Moreover, the dissenters contend that the majority’s effort to explain their decision “hardly rises to the occasion.” Maybe by saying that the Commissioners exercise “considerable” executive power, the majority is suggesting that Humphrey’s is no longer good law but if that is what the majority means, then it has foretold a “massive change” in the law and done so on the emergency docket, “with little time, scant briefing, and no argument.” And, the “greater risk of harm” in fact is that Congress provided for these discharged members to serve their full terms, protected from a President’s desire to substitute his political allies. More recently, in the latest shadow docket ruling in the administration’s favor, the same majority of the Court again permitted President Trump to fire, without cause, the Democratic members of another independent agency, this time the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Trump v. Boyle (July 23, 2025). The same three justices dissented, once more objecting to the use of the Court’s emergency docket to destroy the independence of an independent agency as established by Congress. The CPSC, like the NLRB and MSPB, was designed to operate as “a classic independent agency.” In Congress’s view, that structure would better enable the CPSC to achieve its mission — ensuring the safety of consumer products, from toys to appliances — than would a single-party agency under the full control of a single President. “By allowing the President to remove Commissioners for no reason other than their party affiliation, the majority has negated Congress’s choice of agency bipartisanship and independence.” The dissenters also assert that the majority’s sole professed basis for the more recent order in Boyle was its prior order in Wilcox . But in their opinion, Wilcox itself was minimally explained. So, the dissenters claim, the majority rejects the design of Congress for a whole class of agencies by “layering nothing on nothing.” “Next time, though, the majority will have two (if still under-reasoned) orders to cite. Truly, this is ‘turtles all the way down.’” Rapanos v. United States (2006). * ***** *In Rapanos , in a footnote to his plurality opinion, former Supreme Court Justice Scalia explained that this allusion is to a classic story told in different forms and attributed to various authors. His favorite version: An Eastern guru affirms that the earth is supported on the back of a tiger. When asked what supports the tiger, he says it stands upon an elephant; and when asked what supports the elephant, he says it is a giant turtle. When asked, finally, what supports the giant turtle, he is briefly taken aback, but quickly replies "Ah, after that it is turtles all the way down." John Christie was for many years a senior partner in a large Washington, D.C. law firm. He specialized in anti-trust litigation and developed a keen interest in the U.S. Supreme Court about which he lectures and writes.
By Shore Progress, Progessive Maryland, Progressive Harford Co July 15, 2025
Marylanders will not forget this vote.
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By Jan Plotczyk July 9, 2025
More than 30,000 of our neighbors in Maryland’s first congressional district will lose their health insurance through the Affordable Care Act and Medicaid because of provisions in the GOP’s heartless tax cut and spending bill passed last week.
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By Michael Chameides, Barn Raiser May 21, 2025
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By Catlin Nchako, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities May 21, 2025
The House Agriculture Committee recently voted, along party lines, to advance legislation that would cut as much as $300 million from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. SNAP is the nation’s most important anti-hunger program, helping more than 41 million people in the U.S. pay for food. With potential cuts this large, it helps to know who benefits from this program in Maryland, and who would lose this assistance. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities compiled data on SNAP beneficiaries by congressional district, cited below, and produced the Maryland state datasheet , shown below. In Maryland, in 2023-24, 1 in 9 people lived in a household with SNAP benefits. In Maryland’s First Congressional District, in 2023-24: Almost 34,000 households used SNAP benefits. Of those households, 43% had at least one senior (over age 60). 29% of SNAP recipients were people of color. 15% were Black, non-Hispanic, higher than 11.8% nationally. 6% were Hispanic (19.4% nationally). There were 24,700 total veterans (ages 18-64). Of those, 2,200 lived in households that used SNAP benefits (9%). The CBPP SNAP datasheet for Maryland is below. See data from all the states and download factsheets here.
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