Maryland is Still Losing Forests and Trees, Though at a Slower Rate, Study Finds

Timothy B. Wheeler, Bay Journal • September 26, 2023


Maryland’s forest loss has slowed considerably in the past decade, a new study shows. But development is still claiming chunks of woodlands around the state, especially in the rapidly growing suburbs of Washington, D.C. And the forest that remains is so carved up that it’s declining in ecological value and threatened by invasive species.

 

High-resolution aerial surveys show a net statewide forest loss of more than 19,000 acres from 2013 through 2018, according to the study produced by the Harry R. Hughes Center for Agro-Ecology of the University of Maryland.

 

All but one region lost forest, while the two counties bordering the District — Prince George’s and Montgomery — together accounted for nearly half of the statewide total.

 

Development historically has been the leading cause of forest loss, and it still is, the study says, though some woodlands in coastal counties have converted to wetlands, a result of rising sea level from climate change.

 

The forest losses have been partially offset by an increase in acreage with a more dispersed leafy canopy, which the study said could reflect greening of previously tree-less communities with new plantings. But much of that increase, it added, also reflects the clearing of woodlands by development that’s left scattered clumps of trees.

 

Commissioned three years ago by the General Assembly, the study’s findings seem likely to renew efforts to strengthen local and state forest conservation laws. State lawmakers demanded an in-depth assessment after legislation stalled in 2018 amid debate over whether Maryland was, in fact, losing forest to development. At that time, the Department of Natural Resources maintained that the state’s woodlands were on the rebound.

 

The Hughes Center collaborated with the nonprofit Chesapeake Conservancy and the University of Vermont to analyze trends in forest and tree canopy from high-resolution aerial surveys conducted in 2013 and again in 2018. They also consulted satellite imagery, ground observations, and other research.

 

The study notes that the rate of Maryland’s woodland loss, which had been significant 20 years ago, has trended more recently “toward stabilization.”

 

From 1999 through 2019, Maryland’s forested acreage shrank by 118,000 acres, an annual loss of nearly 6,000 acres, according to surveys by the U.S. Forest Service. The high-resolution aerial surveys in 2013 and 2018 found the loss rate had decreased by about a third to approximately 3,800 acres a year. About half of those annual losses are directly caused by development, the study found, with much of the rest claimed by natural causes, including storms, diseases, and destructive insects.

 

Forests still cover about 2.5 million acres, roughly 40% of the state, the study estimates.

 

“It is notable that since 2000, forest loss slowed across Maryland while population grew nearly 17%, and areas of loss are concentrated in a few rapidly growing counties,” said Susan Minnemeyer, the Chesapeake Conservancy’s vice president for climate strategy.

 

Losses still take a toll

 

The study says that Maryland’s forest conservation measures have had enough success reducing losses that the state stands a chance to start regaining forest. The Forest Conservation Act passed in 1991 regulates clearing of woodlands for development and requires some replanting, while a 2013 law set a goal of achieving no net loss of forest.

 

But those who’ve long advocated for stronger forest protections say the study actually shows the shortcomings of those laws and the need for reform.

 

“Maryland continues to lose forest,” said Erik Fisher, assistant Maryland director for the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, “and this comes after 30 years of forest conservation rules in place, and a decade after Maryland set a goal to stop forest loss.”

 

The study does note that even though the overall loss of forest and tree canopy is slowing, losses to development and forest fragmentation remain significant, particularly in rapidly urbanizing central Maryland. Six of the state’s 23 counties — Prince George’s, Montgomery, Anne Arundel, Charles, Calvert, and Baltimore — accounted for almost 70% of all tree canopy and forest losses.

 

“While Maryland’s forest extent is relatively stable, overall forest health is at risk,” the study’s authors said. “An already patchy mosaic of forests has apparently become increasingly fragmented.” 

 

That fragmentation shrinks the deep woods habitat that some plants, birds and other animals need to survive, and it exposes the remaining patches to further declines from invasive vines and insects. Breaking up forestland also reduces its capacity to absorb climate-warming carbon dioxide and soak up water-polluting storm runoff.

 

Most developed areas of the state also are suffering major tree losses, despite a pledge made in 2014 by Maryland and other Bay watershed jurisdictions to increase urban tree canopy.

 

In the five-year span from 2013, Maryland’s urban and suburban areas saw a combined net loss in tree canopy of more than 13,000 acres, the Hughes Center said, with the biggest declines in the suburbs of Washington, D.C., and Baltimore. Baltimore and a handful of smaller municipalities bucked the trend, though, with slight increases.

 

Those findings echo data released recently from the same aerial surveys showing a net loss of 29,000 acres of urban tree canopy across the entire Bay watershed.

 

Maryland and the other Bay watershed jurisdictions — Virginia, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia — pledged to increase urban tree canopy across the region by 2,400 acres by 2025.

 

The study finds that Maryland is also lagging in another Bay restoration commitment. Tree canopy covers about 58% of the state’s river and stream banks, which despite some reported progress is short of the 70% goal set in 2014 by Bay jurisdictions for establishing shoreline buffers. Only eight of Maryland’s 24 counties have achieved the streamside tree coverage target, which is intended to help reduce polluted runoff and improve fish and wildlife habitat.

 

Looking ahead

 

Unless something changes, the study suggests that the future bodes more forest losses. Based on population and employment projections and counties’ zoning, the authors project nearly 40,000 acres more forest could be cleared for development between 2025 and 2055. Growing Anne Arundel, Charles, and Harford counties account for nearly half the projected statewide loss.

 

Anne Arundel and a few other localities have in the last few years adopted forest conservation requirements that are stricter in some ways than the state’s 1991 Forest Conservation Act. Those reforms were too recent to be assessed in this report.

 

The study suggests that increasing tree planting efforts could help offset some of the losses. State and local governments and private organizations have planted hundreds of thousands of trees in recent years, but those won’t be large enough to matter for years and they haven’t been enough to offset the losses, the study concludes.

 

It estimated that government and privately funded programs planted 1,854 acres of trees in 2018 and 2019 alone.

 

Most of those plantings were attributable to the requirements of the 1991 Forest Conservation Act, the study said. It found, though, that “forest mitigation banks” authorized under the law aren’t doing much to restore woodlands lost to development. In such banks, developers can pay to protect or plant trees elsewhere instead of replacing onsite trees their construction has cleared.

 

Such banks have been set up in 15 Maryland counties to facilitate development. But the study found that developers are paying mainly to protect existing forestland, not plant acres of new trees.

 

State lawmakers have banned the practice of offsetting development by protecting existing forest until 2024, when it will decide what to do next pending the results of this study.

 

Maryland’s Tree Solutions Now Act, passed in 2021, offers an opportunity to help reduce canopy losses, the study says. The law calls for planting five million trees statewide by 2031, including 500,000 in underserved, primarily urbanized areas. The study projects that if all of those trees get planted, they would expand the state’s canopy by 12,500 acres. There’s ample open land for placing them, it said.

 

It could take at least a decade, though, for those newly planted trees to grow large enough to provide significant cover.

 

Meanwhile, in addition to planting, the study suggests that the most effective reforestation measure would be protecting more existing woodlands. As of 2018, only one-third of Maryland’s forests and 9% of the state’s tree canopy outside of forests were protected by government or private easements, the study notes. Yet overall tree canopy in those protected areas grew by more than 2,200 acres in the preceding five years as trees grew and branched out.

 

“In order to reverse this [forest loss] trend,” the study’s authors wrote, “the state should prioritize forest protection as a mechanism for not only maintaining, but also increasing, forest area.”

 

 

This article was originally published in the Bay Journal, a non-profit news source that provides the public with independent reporting on environmental news and issues in the Chesapeake Bay watershed.

 

Tim Wheeler is the Bay Journal's associate editor and senior writer, based in Maryland.

 

Common Sense for the Eastern Shore

By CSES Staff October 24, 2025
 Sparking alarm among housing advocates, social workers, and residents, Salisbury Mayor Randy Taylor has announced plans to gut Salisbury’s nationally recognized Housing First program, signaling a break from years of bipartisan progress on homelessness. Created in 2017 under then-Mayor Jacob Day, the initiative was designed around a simple but powerful principle: that stable, permanent housing must come first before residents can address problems with employment, health, or recovery. The program was designed to provide supportive housing for Salisbury’s most vulnerable residents — a model backed by decades of national data showing it reduces homelessness, saves taxpayer dollars, and lowers strain on emergency services. But under Taylor’s leadership, that vision appears to be ending. In a letter to residents, the City of Salisbury announced that the Housing First program will be shut down in 2027, in effect dismantling one of the city’s long-term programs to prevent homelessness. Taylor says he plans to “rebrand” the program as a temporary “gateway to supportive housing,” shifting focus away from permanent stability and toward short-term turnover. “We’re trying to help more people with the same amount of dollars,” Taylor said. Critics call that reasoning deeply flawed, and dangerous. Former Mayor Jacob Day, who helped launch the initiative, says that Housing First was always intended to be permanent supportive housing, not a revolving door. National studies show that when cities replace permanent housing programs with short-term placements, people end up right back on the streets, and that costs taxpayers more in emergency medical care, policing, and crisis intervention. Local advocates warn that Taylor’s move will undo years of progress. “This isn’t just a policy shift, it’s a step backward,” one social service worker said. “Housing First works because it’s humane and cost-effective. This administration is turning it into a revolving door to nowhere.” Even some community partners who agree the program needs better oversight say that Taylor is missing the point. Anthony Dickerson, Executive Director of Salisbury’s Christian Shelter, said the city should be reforming and strengthening its approach, not abandoning its foundation. Under Taylor’s proposal, participants could be limited to one or two years in housing before being pushed out, whether or not they’re ready. Advocates fear this change could push vulnerable residents back into instability, undoing the progress the city was once praised for. While Taylor touts his plan as a way to “help more people,” critics say it reflects a troubling pattern in his administration: cutting programs that work. For years, Salisbury’s Housing First initiative has symbolized compassion and evidence-based leadership and has stood as a rare example of a small city tackling homelessness with dignity and results. Now, as Taylor moves to end it, residents and advocates are asking a simple question: Why would a mayor tear down one of Salisbury’s most successful programs for helping people rebuild their lives?
By John Christie October 24, 2025
On the first Monday of October, the Supreme Court began a new term, Term 2025 as it is officially called. The day also marked John Roberts’ 20 years as Chief Justice of what history will clearly record as the Roberts Court. Twenty years is a long time but at this point, Roberts is only the fourth longest serving Chief Justice in our history. John Marshall, the fourth and longest, served for 34 years, 152 days (1801–35). Roger Brooke Taney, served for 28 years, 198 days (1836–64). Melville Fuller, served 21 years, 269 days (1888 to 1910). John Roberts was originally nominated by George W. Bush to fill the seat held by the retiring Sandra Day O’Connor but, upon the unexpected death of William Rehnquist, Bush instead nominated Roberts to serve as Chief Justice. His nomination was greeted by enthusiasm and high hopes in many quarters. He was young, articulate, personable, and highly qualified, having had an impressive academic record, experience in the Reagan administration and the private bar, and service on the federal D.C. Court of Appeals for two years. His “balls and strikes” comment at his confirmation hearing struck many as suggesting judicial independence. He sounded as well very much like an institutionalist, having said at an early interview that “it would be good to have a commitment on the part of the Court to act as a Court.” Whatever else might be said 20 years later about the tenure of John Roberts as Chief Judge, the Supreme Court is no doubt much less popular and much more divisive today than it was on September 29, 2005, when he was sworn in as the 17th Chief Justice by Justice John Paul Stevens, then the Court’s most senior associate justice, and witnessed by his sponsor, George W. Bush. Gallup’s polling data shows popular support for the Court now at the lowest levels since they started measuring it. In July 2025, a Gallup poll found that, for the first time in the past quarter-century, fewer than 40% of Americans approved of the Supreme Court’s performance. According to Gallup, one major reason that approval of the Supreme Court has been lower is that its ratings have become increasingly split along party lines — the current 65-point gap in Republican (79%) and Democratic (14%) approval of the court is the largest ever. The legal scholar Rogers Smith wrote in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science in June, “Roberts’s tenure as Chief Justice has led to the opposite of what he has said he seeks to achieve. The American public now respects the Court less than ever and sees it as more political than ever.” These results signify more than simply a popularity poll because a Court without broad public support is a Court that will not have the same public respect upon which their most important decisions have historically depended. And, whatever the reasons for this development, it has happened on John Roberts’s watch. There is no better example of the current divisiveness on the Court than the remarkable string of “emergency” rulings on the Court’s so-called shadow docket since January 20. The extent of ideological and partisan differences has been sharp and extreme. The conservative majority’s votes have frequently been unexplained, leaving lower court judges to have to puzzle the decision’s meaning and leaving the public to suspect partisan influences. And the results of these shadow docket rulings have had enormous, sometimes catastrophic, consequences: Removing noncitizens to countries to which they had no ties or faced inhumane conditions Disqualifying transgender service members Firing probationary federal workers and independent agency heads Ending entire governmental departments and agencies without congressional approval Allowing the impounding of foreign aid funds appropriated by Congress Releasing reams of personal data to the Department of Government Efficiency Allowing immigration raids in California based on racial and ethnic profiling John Roberts has written many Supreme Court opinions in his 20 years as Chief Justice. At the 20-year mark, the most important, to the nation and to his legacy, will likely be his opinion in the Trump immunity case, which changed the balance of power among the branches of government, tipping heavily in the direction of presidential power. Trump v. United States (2024). In her dissent from his majority opinion in that case, Justice Sonia Sotomayor, joined by Justices Elena Kagan and Ketanji Brown Jackson, warned about the consequences of such a broad expansion of presidential power. “The Court effectively creates a law-free zone around the president,” upsetting the status quo that had existed since the nation’s founding and giving blanket permission for wrongdoing. “Let the president violate the law, let him exploit the trappings of his office for personal gain, let him use his official power for evil ends. In every use of official power, the president is now a king above the law.” Roberts claimed in his majority opinion that the “tone of chilling doom” in Sotomayor’s dissent was “wholly disproportionate” to what the ruling meant. However, Sotomayor’s words have proved prescient: the breadth of power that Trump and his administration have asserted in the months since he was sworn in for his second term has made plain how boundlessly they now interpret the reach of the presidency in the wake of the Roberts opinion. Despite the early “balls and strikes” comment, the assessment of John Roberts’ long term judicial record suggests something different as seen by several distinguished legal commentators from significantly different perspectives. As summarized by Lincoln Caplan, a senior research scholar at Yale Law School, in a new retrospective article on Robert’s 20-year tenure, “From his arrival on the Court until now, his leadership, votes, and opinions have mainly helped move the law and the nation far to the right. An analysis prepared by the political scientists Lee Epstein, Andrew Martin, and Kevin Quinn found that in major cases, the Roberts Court’s record is the most conservative of any Supreme Court in roughly a century.” “What Trump Means for John Roberts's Legacy,” Harvard Magazine , October 8, 2025. Steve Vladeck, Georgetown Law Center professor and a regularly incisive Court commentator, characterized the 20-year Roberts’ Court as follows: “The ensuing 20 years has featured a Court deciding quite a lot more than necessary — inserting itself into hot-button social issues earlier than necessary (if it was necessary at all); moving an array of previously settled statutory and constitutional understandings sharply to the right; and, over the past decade especially, running roughshod over all kinds of procedural norms that previously served to moderate many of the justices’ more extreme impulses.” “The Roberts Court Turns Twenty,” One First , September 29, 2025. In another remarkable new article by a widely respected conservative originalist, similar concerns about the present Court have very recently been expressed. Caleb Nelson, who teaches at the University of Virginia and is a former law clerk to Justice Clarence Thomas, has written that the text of the Constitution and the historical evidence surrounding it in fact grant Congress broad authority to shape the executive branch, including by putting limits on the president’s power to fire people. “Must Administrative Officers Serve at the President’s Pleasure?” Democracy Project, NYU LAW , September 29, 2025. When the First Congress confronted similar ambiguities in the meaning of the Constitution, asserts Nelson, “more than one member warned against interpreting the Constitution in the expectation that all presidents would have the sterling character of George Washington.” Nelson continues, “The current Supreme Court may likewise see itself as interpreting the Constitution for the ages, and perhaps some of the Justices take comfort in the idea that future presidents will not all have the character of Donald Trump. But the future is not guaranteed; a president bent on vengeful, destructive, and lawless behavior can do lasting damage to our norms and institutions.” John Christie was for many years a senior partner in a large Washington, D.C. law firm. He specialized in anti-trust litigation and developed a keen interest in the U.S. Supreme Court about which he lectures and writes. 
By Jan Plotczyk October 24, 2025
If you’ve ever wondered just how slavishly loyal Rep. Andrew P. Harris (R-MD01) is to President Donald Trump, you can now put a number on it! Just consult the Republican National Platform Ratings. When you do, you will find that Rep. Harris has a very high overall score: 90.38%. He is the most aligned with the Trump/GOP platform among Maryland’s congressional representatives. No surprise there. Among all U.S. senators and representatives (using 2024 votes), Harris is 43rd most aligned. One might expect more from the chair of the right-wing Freedom Caucus. Harris scores at 90.38% aligned overall. His ratings by topic range from 82.98% to 100%. The topics refer to chapters in the platform: Defeat inflation and quickly bring down all prices. Seal the border and stop the migrant invasion. Build the greatest economy in history. Bring back the American Dream and make it affordable again for families, young people, and everyone. Protect American workers and farmers from unfair trade. Protect our Constitution and seniors. Cultivate great K-12 schools leading to great jobs and great lives for young people. Bring common sense to our government and renew the pillars of American civilization. Government of, by, and for the people. Return to peace through strength. Here are all Harris’s scores:
By CSES Staff October 24, 2025
Several thousand people turned out on Oct. 18 in communities across the Eastern Shore to participate in the national “No Kings Day” protests, joining thousands of simultaneous events nationwide opposing the policies of President Trump’s administration. Demonstrations were held in Salisbury, Ocean City, Easton, Cambridge, Chestertown, and Centreville. These gatherings were part of a broader coalition effort that organizers say reflects frustration with the administration’s direction and a demand for renewed accountability and democracy. Participants across the Shore held signs and expressed concerns about immigration enforcement, executive power, and transparency in government. In jurisdictions that lean Republican and supported Trump in 2024, the rallies underscore a growing discrepancy between voting patterns and present activism. For example, in Queen Anne’s County — where the Trump vote was strong — residents joined the demonstration with statements of surprise at the turnout. Despite the scale of national mobilization, local organizers emphasized that the protest is rooted in community values of fairness, participation, and civic voice. One organizer on the Shore described the event as a reminder that “when people choose to show up, they remind their communities what democracy looks like.” Authorities reported no major disruptions during the Shore events, and police in some areas confirmed the rallies proceeded peacefully. For many in the region, the demonstrations mark an opening moment for more active civic engagement on the Shore, one that observers say could reshape local politics in counties historically seen as less partisan.
By CSES Staff October 24, 2025
The Maryland Democratic Party has launched a statewide initiative, Contest Every Seat, that aims to recruit candidates to run for public office across all levels of government ahead of the 2026 elections. Party officials say the goal is to ensure voters in every district across Maryland have a choice on the ballot. The program will include outreach, training sessions, and support for prospective candidates considering campaigns for local, county, and state positions. “The effort is designed to encourage Marylanders who want to make change in their communities to step up and take action,” the party announced. Interested individuals can visit mddems.org/run for information about the application process and training opportunities. The Maryland Democratic Party said similar initiatives in past election cycles helped increase candidate recruitment in local and rural areas, including the Eastern Shore.
By CSES Staff October 24, 2025
With the federal government now shut down for more than three weeks, Maryland is losing hundreds of thousands of dollars in revenue daily, a reflection of the state’s deep economic ties to the federal workforce. According to the Maryland Comptroller, approximately 230,000 Marylanders work directly for the federal government, with an additional 200,000 employed by federal contractors. The state’s economy, long intertwined with the operations of nearby federal agencies, is feeling the strain as paychecks stall and agencies close. Comptroller Brooke Lierman estimates Maryland is losing about $700,000 in state revenue each day — roughly one percent of the state’s average daily revenue of $100 million. “That is a small piece of our overall state budget,” Lierman said, “but as long as all our federal workers are paid what they are owed, that money will get back to us.” Federal employees generally receive back pay after shutdowns end, but recent statements from President Trump suggesting that furloughed workers may not be repaid have created uncertainty. More than 150 members of Congress, including Maryland’s entire Democratic delegation, signed a letter this week urging the Trump administration to guarantee back pay under the 2019 Government Employee Fair Treatment Act, which requires compensation for federal employees affected by a shutdown, and which Trump himself signed into law. Rep. Sarah Elfreth (D-MD03) said Congress is prepared to defend those protections. “Denying that pay would be illegal, and we will use every tool we have — both in Congress and in the courts — to ensure federal employees are made whole,” she said. During the 35-day federal shutdown in 2019, Maryland lost more than $13 million daily in economic activity and over $550,000 daily in tax revenue, according to state data. This latest shutdown comes amid broader federal workforce reductions under the U.S. Department of Government Efficiency, which announced layoffs earlier this year. A federal judge temporarily halted further cuts on Oct. 15 following a legal challenge. The effects extend beyond government offices. Universities such as Johns Hopkins and the University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Center report disruptions to federally funded research projects and grant cycles. Gov. Wes Moore has directed state agencies to provide emergency support to furloughed federal workers, including housing and utility assistance. On Oct. 17, Moore announced the Maryland Transit Administration will offer free MARC and commuter bus rides to federal employees who show valid government ID. “This is what Maryland does in times of crisis, we band together and help each other out,” Moore said. “But no state can fill the gap created by the federal government. The longer this shutdown lasts, the more pain we will feel.” There is no indication of when negotiations in Washington to end the shutdown will resume.
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