Rev. Henry Highland Garnet and the Women in His Life

Jeanette E. Sherbondy • March 28, 2023


Born into slavery in Kent County, Md., Henry Highland Garnet escaped with his family when he was 9 years old. Growing up and being educated in New York City, he was ordained as a Presbyterian minister. Garnet was active in the struggle to end slavery and racism and supported education and civil rights for all, including women.

 

He was influenced by the three women in his life. His mother was admired by his friends as beautiful, intelligent, and strong and wanted her children to have an education. Garnet’s first wife, Julia Williams Garnet, was educated — rare for a woman in those days — and an abolitionist and educator. Garnet’s second wife, Sarah Smith Tompkins Garnet, was a suffragist, civil rights activist, and the first Black principal of a school in New York City.

 

Elizabeth Garnet, His Mother

 

In a speech to Congress in 1865, Henry Highland Garnet remembered his mother eloquently. “My earliest recollections of parents, friends, and the home of my childhood are clouded with [slavery’s] wrongs. The first sight that met my eyes was a Christian mother enslaved by professed Christians, but, thank God, now a saint in heaven.”

 

Elizabeth Garnet was described by a close friend of Henry’s as “comely, beautiful, and tall, with a bright, intellectual face and lustrous, laughing eyes.”

 

James McCune Smith, who knew Garnet’s mother, described her as “a woman of extraordinary energy, industrious, pious, and holding at the highest value that education from which her condition had debarred her and continued to debar her children.”

 

Garnet’s family escaped from slavery in 1824. They settled in New Hope, Bucks County, Pa., where Garnet entered school, and then moved to New York City in 1825.

 

Julia Williams, His First Wife



Julia Williams was Garnet’s first wife and longtime companion in activism for abolition. She was born free in Charleston, S.C., in 1811, and moved to Boston as a child.

 

At the age of 21, Williams traveled to Canterbury, Conn., to attend Prudence Crandall’s academy until Crandall was imprisoned for teaching Colored girls. After the school closed, Williams went to Noyes Academy in Canaan, N.H., where she met Garnet, who was also a student there. In 1835, the Canaan Academy was destroyed by local men, who dragged the school building into a swamp and burned it. They threatened to attack the Black students with rifles, but Garnet quickly fired a warning shot as they approached on horseback. The Black students were forced to leave Canaan.

 

Williams completed her education at the Oneida Institute in New York where Garnet and his friends also went to study in 1836. She was the only female student there.

 

Williams taught school in Boston for several years. She was an outspoken member of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society that believed “slavery was a violation of divine law” and sought immediate emancipation.

 

In 1837, Williams attended the first Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in New York, where she and Garnet met again.

 

Garnet wrote about Williams to his close friend Alexander Crummell, “The ladies would not admit any males [to the convention] therefore I can tell you nothing about them more than that Miss Julia Williams of Boston was one of the delegates and I had the pleasure of waiting upon her six or seven times, and dined and supped with her. What a lovely being she is. Modest, susceptible, and chaste. She seems to have everything which beautifies a female, a good Christian, and a scholar. I don’t want you to think that I am in love, yet I shall keep a correspondence with her.”

 

After graduating from Oneida with honors, Garnet returned to New York City in 1840, where he taught in the Colored district school and conducted religious meetings in the First Presbyterian Church. The next year he was ordained and he and Williams married. They had three children, James, Mary, and Henry, but only Mary survived to adulthood.

 

In 1843, Julia Garnet helped Garnet prepare his address to the Annual Convention of the Colored Citizens of New York State at Buffalo. He recognized her collaboration in a letter he wrote to Maria Chapman, who had criticized his address. He wrote that Julia Garnet was the only one who gave him counsel regarding the address, but “if she did counsel me, it is no matter, for ‘we twain are one flesh.’”

 

Garnet’s address became famous for urging the enslaved to: “Arise! Strike for your lives and liberties. Now is the day and the hour. Let every slave throughout the land do this, and the days of slavery are numbered. You cannot be more oppressed than you have been — you cannot suffer greater cruelties than you have already. Rather die free men than live to be slaves. Remember that you are FOUR MILLIONS!”

 

In a report given by his committee to the convention in 1844, Garnet recommended efforts to improve opportunities for education for men and women. He wrote that in New York City, there was only one high school for Colored youths and in the entire country they could find no other college or female seminary for Colored children. In 1848, Garnet established a weekday school for children and preached on Sundays.

 

In 1850, Garnet traveled to England with his wife and children to lecture on the anti-slavery movement in the U.S. In 1852, the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland sent him as their first Black missionary to Jamaica, where he organized a school and Julia Garnet directed a female industrial school. When he fell ill, they returned to New York City.

 

In 1864, Garnet was called as pastor to the 15th Street Presbyterian Church in Washington, D.C., where he became a friend of President and Mrs. Lincoln.

 

“When the U.S. Army failed to supply nutritional diets to newly mobilized New York U.S. Colored Troops recruits, 40 Black women took it upon themselves to establish the Ladies Committee on January 25, 1864, with Julia Garnet as their president to address this glaring issue at the military camp.”

 

After the war, Julia Garnet worked with freedmen in Washington, D.C., to establish their new lives.

 

Julia Garnet died in January 1879 in her home in Allegheny City, Pa., at age 58. (Garnet was then president of Avery College, a school of religious education for African Americans in Pittsburgh.) Her obituary in The Christian Recorder reads: “Her devotion to the anti-slavery cause and her sacrifices for the fleeing fugitives may not be recorded by human pen, but the recording angel has written them. ‘Nothing makes death evil but what follows it.’ In this sense, and in a far higher sense, death was no evil to Julia Garnet. The living will embalm the sacred memory of her virtues in their hearts. They will strive to emulate them”.

 

Sarah Smith Tompkins, His Second Wife

 


Sarah Smith Tompkins was born in 1831 in Brooklyn, N.Y., the oldest of 11 children. Her parents were farmers and owned land in Queens County, Long Island. She married Samuel Tompkins who died in 1852. In 1854 she began teaching in New York City at the African Free School of Williamsburg. She was appointed principal of Manhattan’s Colored School No. 7 on West 17th St., the first African American female principal in the New York City public schools.

 

Tompkins married Garnet in 1875.

 

In his later years, Garnet went to Liberia as U.S. ambassador, appointed by President James Garfield. He died there on February 13, 1882. Meanwhile, Sarah Garnet remained in the U.S. She was an active supporter of women’s suffrage and of African American civil rights. She founded the Equal Suffrage League in Brooklyn, and was superintendent of suffrage for the National Association of Colored Women.

 

Along with the president of the league, Dr. Vienna Harris Morton Jones, Sarah Garnet supported the creation of the Niagara Movement, which demanded equal rights for all Americans.

 

In 1911, Sarah Garnet traveled to London for the inaugural Universal Races Congress, where her sister, Susan Steward, presented a paper. Soon after they returned from Europe, Sarah Garnet died at home on September 17, 1911. She is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.

 

Henry Highland Garnet’s mother and wives held education as a priority and Christianity as their moral foundation. His mother set these standards and his wives shared these convictions. He and his wife Julia Garnet were true companions. They experienced similar troubles and adventures in their youth. They studied, taught, and worked for better lives for African Americans — lives without slavery and with the vote. They collaborated in their endeavors. Sarah Garnet accompanied him in his later years. She, too, had become educated and worked as a teacher and school administrator. All four had a deep sense that education was a necessary way forward and they practiced the Christian value of love for all.

 

 

Another resource:

Shivers, George, “Henry Highland Garnet, Abolitionist and Fighter for Justice”, Key to Old Kent, 9(1), 2015

 

Photo source:

https://neatnik2009.wordpress.com/2019/09/17/feast-of-julia-williams-garnet-henry-highland-garnet-sarah-j-smith-tompkins-garnet-susan-maria-smith-mckinney-steward-and-theophilus-gould-steward-february-12/

 

 

Jeanette E. Sherbondy is a retired anthropology professor from Washington College and has lived here since 1986. In retirement she has been active with the Kent County Historical Society and Sumner Hall, one of the organizers of Legacy Day, and helped get highway /historical markers recognizing Henry Highland Garnet. She published an article on her ethnohistorical research of the free Black village, Morgnec.

 

Common Sense for the Eastern Shore

By CSES Staff October 24, 2025
 Sparking alarm among housing advocates, social workers, and residents, Salisbury Mayor Randy Taylor has announced plans to gut Salisbury’s nationally recognized Housing First program, signaling a break from years of bipartisan progress on homelessness. Created in 2017 under then-Mayor Jacob Day, the initiative was designed around a simple but powerful principle: that stable, permanent housing must come first before residents can address problems with employment, health, or recovery. The program was designed to provide supportive housing for Salisbury’s most vulnerable residents — a model backed by decades of national data showing it reduces homelessness, saves taxpayer dollars, and lowers strain on emergency services. But under Taylor’s leadership, that vision appears to be ending. In a letter to residents, the City of Salisbury announced that the Housing First program will be shut down in 2027, in effect dismantling one of the city’s long-term programs to prevent homelessness. Taylor says he plans to “rebrand” the program as a temporary “gateway to supportive housing,” shifting focus away from permanent stability and toward short-term turnover. “We’re trying to help more people with the same amount of dollars,” Taylor said. Critics call that reasoning deeply flawed, and dangerous. Former Mayor Jacob Day, who helped launch the initiative, says that Housing First was always intended to be permanent supportive housing, not a revolving door. National studies show that when cities replace permanent housing programs with short-term placements, people end up right back on the streets, and that costs taxpayers more in emergency medical care, policing, and crisis intervention. Local advocates warn that Taylor’s move will undo years of progress. “This isn’t just a policy shift, it’s a step backward,” one social service worker said. “Housing First works because it’s humane and cost-effective. This administration is turning it into a revolving door to nowhere.” Even some community partners who agree the program needs better oversight say that Taylor is missing the point. Anthony Dickerson, Executive Director of Salisbury’s Christian Shelter, said the city should be reforming and strengthening its approach, not abandoning its foundation. Under Taylor’s proposal, participants could be limited to one or two years in housing before being pushed out, whether or not they’re ready. Advocates fear this change could push vulnerable residents back into instability, undoing the progress the city was once praised for. While Taylor touts his plan as a way to “help more people,” critics say it reflects a troubling pattern in his administration: cutting programs that work. For years, Salisbury’s Housing First initiative has symbolized compassion and evidence-based leadership and has stood as a rare example of a small city tackling homelessness with dignity and results. Now, as Taylor moves to end it, residents and advocates are asking a simple question: Why would a mayor tear down one of Salisbury’s most successful programs for helping people rebuild their lives?
By John Christie October 24, 2025
On the first Monday of October, the Supreme Court began a new term, Term 2025 as it is officially called. The day also marked John Roberts’ 20 years as Chief Justice of what history will clearly record as the Roberts Court. Twenty years is a long time but at this point, Roberts is only the fourth longest serving Chief Justice in our history. John Marshall, the fourth and longest, served for 34 years, 152 days (1801–35). Roger Brooke Taney, served for 28 years, 198 days (1836–64). Melville Fuller, served 21 years, 269 days (1888 to 1910). John Roberts was originally nominated by George W. Bush to fill the seat held by the retiring Sandra Day O’Connor but, upon the unexpected death of William Rehnquist, Bush instead nominated Roberts to serve as Chief Justice. His nomination was greeted by enthusiasm and high hopes in many quarters. He was young, articulate, personable, and highly qualified, having had an impressive academic record, experience in the Reagan administration and the private bar, and service on the federal D.C. Court of Appeals for two years. His “balls and strikes” comment at his confirmation hearing struck many as suggesting judicial independence. He sounded as well very much like an institutionalist, having said at an early interview that “it would be good to have a commitment on the part of the Court to act as a Court.” Whatever else might be said 20 years later about the tenure of John Roberts as Chief Judge, the Supreme Court is no doubt much less popular and much more divisive today than it was on September 29, 2005, when he was sworn in as the 17th Chief Justice by Justice John Paul Stevens, then the Court’s most senior associate justice, and witnessed by his sponsor, George W. Bush. Gallup’s polling data shows popular support for the Court now at the lowest levels since they started measuring it. In July 2025, a Gallup poll found that, for the first time in the past quarter-century, fewer than 40% of Americans approved of the Supreme Court’s performance. According to Gallup, one major reason that approval of the Supreme Court has been lower is that its ratings have become increasingly split along party lines — the current 65-point gap in Republican (79%) and Democratic (14%) approval of the court is the largest ever. The legal scholar Rogers Smith wrote in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science in June, “Roberts’s tenure as Chief Justice has led to the opposite of what he has said he seeks to achieve. The American public now respects the Court less than ever and sees it as more political than ever.” These results signify more than simply a popularity poll because a Court without broad public support is a Court that will not have the same public respect upon which their most important decisions have historically depended. And, whatever the reasons for this development, it has happened on John Roberts’s watch. There is no better example of the current divisiveness on the Court than the remarkable string of “emergency” rulings on the Court’s so-called shadow docket since January 20. The extent of ideological and partisan differences has been sharp and extreme. The conservative majority’s votes have frequently been unexplained, leaving lower court judges to have to puzzle the decision’s meaning and leaving the public to suspect partisan influences. And the results of these shadow docket rulings have had enormous, sometimes catastrophic, consequences: Removing noncitizens to countries to which they had no ties or faced inhumane conditions Disqualifying transgender service members Firing probationary federal workers and independent agency heads Ending entire governmental departments and agencies without congressional approval Allowing the impounding of foreign aid funds appropriated by Congress Releasing reams of personal data to the Department of Government Efficiency Allowing immigration raids in California based on racial and ethnic profiling John Roberts has written many Supreme Court opinions in his 20 years as Chief Justice. At the 20-year mark, the most important, to the nation and to his legacy, will likely be his opinion in the Trump immunity case, which changed the balance of power among the branches of government, tipping heavily in the direction of presidential power. Trump v. United States (2024). In her dissent from his majority opinion in that case, Justice Sonia Sotomayor, joined by Justices Elena Kagan and Ketanji Brown Jackson, warned about the consequences of such a broad expansion of presidential power. “The Court effectively creates a law-free zone around the president,” upsetting the status quo that had existed since the nation’s founding and giving blanket permission for wrongdoing. “Let the president violate the law, let him exploit the trappings of his office for personal gain, let him use his official power for evil ends. In every use of official power, the president is now a king above the law.” Roberts claimed in his majority opinion that the “tone of chilling doom” in Sotomayor’s dissent was “wholly disproportionate” to what the ruling meant. However, Sotomayor’s words have proved prescient: the breadth of power that Trump and his administration have asserted in the months since he was sworn in for his second term has made plain how boundlessly they now interpret the reach of the presidency in the wake of the Roberts opinion. Despite the early “balls and strikes” comment, the assessment of John Roberts’ long term judicial record suggests something different as seen by several distinguished legal commentators from significantly different perspectives. As summarized by Lincoln Caplan, a senior research scholar at Yale Law School, in a new retrospective article on Robert’s 20-year tenure, “From his arrival on the Court until now, his leadership, votes, and opinions have mainly helped move the law and the nation far to the right. An analysis prepared by the political scientists Lee Epstein, Andrew Martin, and Kevin Quinn found that in major cases, the Roberts Court’s record is the most conservative of any Supreme Court in roughly a century.” “What Trump Means for John Roberts's Legacy,” Harvard Magazine , October 8, 2025. Steve Vladeck, Georgetown Law Center professor and a regularly incisive Court commentator, characterized the 20-year Roberts’ Court as follows: “The ensuing 20 years has featured a Court deciding quite a lot more than necessary — inserting itself into hot-button social issues earlier than necessary (if it was necessary at all); moving an array of previously settled statutory and constitutional understandings sharply to the right; and, over the past decade especially, running roughshod over all kinds of procedural norms that previously served to moderate many of the justices’ more extreme impulses.” “The Roberts Court Turns Twenty,” One First , September 29, 2025. In another remarkable new article by a widely respected conservative originalist, similar concerns about the present Court have very recently been expressed. Caleb Nelson, who teaches at the University of Virginia and is a former law clerk to Justice Clarence Thomas, has written that the text of the Constitution and the historical evidence surrounding it in fact grant Congress broad authority to shape the executive branch, including by putting limits on the president’s power to fire people. “Must Administrative Officers Serve at the President’s Pleasure?” Democracy Project, NYU LAW , September 29, 2025. When the First Congress confronted similar ambiguities in the meaning of the Constitution, asserts Nelson, “more than one member warned against interpreting the Constitution in the expectation that all presidents would have the sterling character of George Washington.” Nelson continues, “The current Supreme Court may likewise see itself as interpreting the Constitution for the ages, and perhaps some of the Justices take comfort in the idea that future presidents will not all have the character of Donald Trump. But the future is not guaranteed; a president bent on vengeful, destructive, and lawless behavior can do lasting damage to our norms and institutions.” John Christie was for many years a senior partner in a large Washington, D.C. law firm. He specialized in anti-trust litigation and developed a keen interest in the U.S. Supreme Court about which he lectures and writes. 
By Jan Plotczyk October 24, 2025
If you’ve ever wondered just how slavishly loyal Rep. Andrew P. Harris (R-MD01) is to President Donald Trump, you can now put a number on it! Just consult the Republican National Platform Ratings. When you do, you will find that Rep. Harris has a very high overall score: 90.38%. He is the most aligned with the Trump/GOP platform among Maryland’s congressional representatives. No surprise there. Among all U.S. senators and representatives (using 2024 votes), Harris is 43rd most aligned. One might expect more from the chair of the right-wing Freedom Caucus. Harris scores at 90.38% aligned overall. His ratings by topic range from 82.98% to 100%. The topics refer to chapters in the platform: Defeat inflation and quickly bring down all prices. Seal the border and stop the migrant invasion. Build the greatest economy in history. Bring back the American Dream and make it affordable again for families, young people, and everyone. Protect American workers and farmers from unfair trade. Protect our Constitution and seniors. Cultivate great K-12 schools leading to great jobs and great lives for young people. Bring common sense to our government and renew the pillars of American civilization. Government of, by, and for the people. Return to peace through strength. Here are all Harris’s scores:
By CSES Staff October 24, 2025
Several thousand people turned out on Oct. 18 in communities across the Eastern Shore to participate in the national “No Kings Day” protests, joining thousands of simultaneous events nationwide opposing the policies of President Trump’s administration. Demonstrations were held in Salisbury, Ocean City, Easton, Cambridge, Chestertown, and Centreville. These gatherings were part of a broader coalition effort that organizers say reflects frustration with the administration’s direction and a demand for renewed accountability and democracy. Participants across the Shore held signs and expressed concerns about immigration enforcement, executive power, and transparency in government. In jurisdictions that lean Republican and supported Trump in 2024, the rallies underscore a growing discrepancy between voting patterns and present activism. For example, in Queen Anne’s County — where the Trump vote was strong — residents joined the demonstration with statements of surprise at the turnout. Despite the scale of national mobilization, local organizers emphasized that the protest is rooted in community values of fairness, participation, and civic voice. One organizer on the Shore described the event as a reminder that “when people choose to show up, they remind their communities what democracy looks like.” Authorities reported no major disruptions during the Shore events, and police in some areas confirmed the rallies proceeded peacefully. For many in the region, the demonstrations mark an opening moment for more active civic engagement on the Shore, one that observers say could reshape local politics in counties historically seen as less partisan.
By CSES Staff October 24, 2025
The Maryland Democratic Party has launched a statewide initiative, Contest Every Seat, that aims to recruit candidates to run for public office across all levels of government ahead of the 2026 elections. Party officials say the goal is to ensure voters in every district across Maryland have a choice on the ballot. The program will include outreach, training sessions, and support for prospective candidates considering campaigns for local, county, and state positions. “The effort is designed to encourage Marylanders who want to make change in their communities to step up and take action,” the party announced. Interested individuals can visit mddems.org/run for information about the application process and training opportunities. The Maryland Democratic Party said similar initiatives in past election cycles helped increase candidate recruitment in local and rural areas, including the Eastern Shore.
By CSES Staff October 24, 2025
With the federal government now shut down for more than three weeks, Maryland is losing hundreds of thousands of dollars in revenue daily, a reflection of the state’s deep economic ties to the federal workforce. According to the Maryland Comptroller, approximately 230,000 Marylanders work directly for the federal government, with an additional 200,000 employed by federal contractors. The state’s economy, long intertwined with the operations of nearby federal agencies, is feeling the strain as paychecks stall and agencies close. Comptroller Brooke Lierman estimates Maryland is losing about $700,000 in state revenue each day — roughly one percent of the state’s average daily revenue of $100 million. “That is a small piece of our overall state budget,” Lierman said, “but as long as all our federal workers are paid what they are owed, that money will get back to us.” Federal employees generally receive back pay after shutdowns end, but recent statements from President Trump suggesting that furloughed workers may not be repaid have created uncertainty. More than 150 members of Congress, including Maryland’s entire Democratic delegation, signed a letter this week urging the Trump administration to guarantee back pay under the 2019 Government Employee Fair Treatment Act, which requires compensation for federal employees affected by a shutdown, and which Trump himself signed into law. Rep. Sarah Elfreth (D-MD03) said Congress is prepared to defend those protections. “Denying that pay would be illegal, and we will use every tool we have — both in Congress and in the courts — to ensure federal employees are made whole,” she said. During the 35-day federal shutdown in 2019, Maryland lost more than $13 million daily in economic activity and over $550,000 daily in tax revenue, according to state data. This latest shutdown comes amid broader federal workforce reductions under the U.S. Department of Government Efficiency, which announced layoffs earlier this year. A federal judge temporarily halted further cuts on Oct. 15 following a legal challenge. The effects extend beyond government offices. Universities such as Johns Hopkins and the University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Center report disruptions to federally funded research projects and grant cycles. Gov. Wes Moore has directed state agencies to provide emergency support to furloughed federal workers, including housing and utility assistance. On Oct. 17, Moore announced the Maryland Transit Administration will offer free MARC and commuter bus rides to federal employees who show valid government ID. “This is what Maryland does in times of crisis, we band together and help each other out,” Moore said. “But no state can fill the gap created by the federal government. The longer this shutdown lasts, the more pain we will feel.” There is no indication of when negotiations in Washington to end the shutdown will resume.
Show More