“Unacceptable funding inequities have forced many of our nation’s distinguished Historically Black Colleges and Universities to operate with inadequate resources and delay critical investments in everything from campus infrastructure to research and development to student support services,” Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona said in a statement.

Cardona and USDA Secretary Tom Vilsack sent a  letter  to each of 16 governors calculating how each state’s land-grant HBCU, established under an 1890 law, has been underfunded per student in state funds from 1987 to 2020.

That figure was arrived at by comparing the HBCU funding to that of land grant institutions that were established in those states for white students in 1862.

Six of those states – Arkansas, Florida, Maryland, Texas, Virginia and West Virginia – have not participated in one-to-one federal match funding for the 1890 land grant HBCU institutions in recent years, but did so for the 1862 land grant institutions.

The secretaries said that inequitable funding of the 1890 institutions “caused a severe financial gap, in the last 30 years alone.”

The letter follows after lawsuits in several states have alleged discrimination was responsible for decades of underfunding of land grant HBCUs.

“This is a situation that clearly predates all of us,” Vilsack and Cardona wrote in their letter. “However, it is a problem that we can work together to solve. In fact, it is our hope that we can collaborate to avoid burdensome and costly litigation that has occurred in several states.”

Maryland settlement

In 2021, the state of Maryland  reached a $577 million settlement  to end a 15-year-old federal lawsuit that accused the state of providing inequitable resources to its four HBCUs.

Vilsack and Cardona sent a letter to Maryland Gov. Wes Moore, a Democrat and the first Black governor of the state. They noted that the 1890 land-grant institution in the state, the University of Maryland Eastern Shore, “has not been able to advance in ways that are on par with University of Maryland – College Park … in large part due to unbalanced funding.”

If UMES was on equal footing with the 1862 land grant institution, it should have received $321 million in funding over the last 30 years, the secretaries said.

The 2021 settlement signed into law is supposed to ensure that UMES receives at least $90.7 million in additional funding by 2031.

In a statement, Moore's office said he was committed to following through on the 2021 settlement. "Governor Moore will continue to support these life-changing colleges and universities that make Maryland a more equitable and competitive state," a spokesperson said.

1890 land-grant Institutions are a byproduct of a Civil War-era law that gave land to dozens of universities for white students, through  the Morrill Act in 1862 , but  the land had been forcibly taken from Indigenous tribes.  In total, nearly 11 million acres were taken from more than 250 tribes,  according to a project  published in High Country News.

Because Black Americans were excluded from those institutions, the Second Morrill Act of 1890 was signed into law and established land-grant institutions for Black students. In total, there are 19 land grant HBCUs. Tuskegee University in Alabama is also a land-grant HBCU but it is a private state-related institution and was not mentioned in the letter to Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey.

The agencies used data from the National Center for Education Statistics Integrated Postsecondary Education Survey from 1987 to 2020 to calculate the amount that HBCU land-grant institutions would have received if their state funding per student were equal to the 1862 institutions.

Delaware and Ohio have equitably funded their respective universities, so those governors did not receive a letter, the secretaries said.

Cardona and Vilsack noted to the governors that “it would be ambitious to address the funding disparity over the course of several years in the state budget.”

They suggested, if that is not possible, “a combination of a substantial state allocation toward the 1890 deficit combined with a forward-looking budget commitment for a two-to-one match of federal land-grant funding for these institutions in order to bring parity to funding levels.”

Cardona and Vilsack stressed to the governors they should not reduce funding at other institutions to rectify funding gaps at the land-grant HBCUs.

Billions in underfunding in Southern states

States like Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, Tennessee and Texas have billions in underfunding for the land-grant HBCUs in those states, according to the letter.

North Carolina A & T State University has a $2 billion funding disparity, compared with North Carolina State University at Raleigh, the original Morrill Act of 1862 land grant institution, the letter said.

Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, an 1890 land-grant HBCU, has a $1.9 billion funding gap, according to the letter.

“The longstanding and ongoing underinvestment in Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University disadvantages the students, faculty, and community that the institution serves,” according to the letter. “Furthermore, it may contribute to a lack of economic activity that would ultimately benefit Florida. It is our hope that we can work together to make this institution whole after decades of being underfunded.”

There is currently a class action lawsuit in which FAMU students have alleged racial discrimination in state funding,  according to the Tallahassee Democrat. 

Tennessee State University has a $2.1 billion disparity funding, compared to the University of Tennessee- Knoxville, the 1862 land-grant institution.

Prairie View A & M University in Texas and Southern University and A & M College in Louisiana both have $1.1 billion in underfunding, compared to the 1862 land-grant institutions in their states.

“The documented discrepancies are a clarion call for governors to act without delay to provide significant support for the 1890 land-grant institutions in their respective states,” Vilsack, a former governor of Iowa, said in a statement. “Failing to do so will have severe and lasting consequences to the agriculture and food industry at a time when it must remain resilient and competitive.”

Here’s how each state’s 1890 HBCU has been underfunded in state appropriated funds between 1987 and 2020, according to the secretaries’ letters: