18th Century Grist Mill Technology on the Mid-Shore

Jim Block • May 10, 2022

Old Wye Mill. All photos from website, with permission


Most Common Sense readers who are asked to describe technology will think of smartphones, computers, or car GPS systems. Or perhaps they’ll picture a spotless factory populated by algorithmical-AI-guided robots assembling autos. Everything they imagine would depend on invisible electronic processes that most can neither observe nor understand.

 

Assuming our Eastern Shore predecessors understood the word “technology” as we do, their images would include no glass, plastic, electrical wires, printed circuit boards, lithium-ion batteries, CPU chips, or satellites.

 

But if technology is, at least partly, the application of science to producing goods and services, our 18th and 19th century predecessors surely had their own, with their materials including wood, wooden gears, leather belts, iron axles, cloth, and stone. Their machinery was mostly handmade, and its operation visible.

 

In the mid 17th century, a water-powered grist mill was constructed near the village of Wye Mill, Md. Over a 300-year period, several more mills were built to grind wheat and corn into flour for the local community.

 


In fact, Upper Eastern Shore mills provided much of the flour that fed the rebellious colonists in the American Revolution. At that time, flour production was complicated, inefficient, and labor-intensive.

 

Eventually, in the late 18th century, Oliver Evans (1755-1819), an under-recognized mechanical genius, installed his innovative machinery at the Wye Mill, which transformed flour and meal production.

 

At that time in conventional mills, eight or ten mill hands typically would carry grain, flour, and waste up and down three or more floors. But Evans’s ingenious system only required one or two people. In addition to its efficiency, Evans’s grist mill technology enclosed the process at all stages to eliminate dust, pebbles, stalks, and vermin and their droppings. Enclosing the process also protected the workers’ health by reducing dust.

 

Edward Barrowcliff built the Old Wye Mill in 1682. Recent tree science research has dated the structure’s wooden frame to the winter of 1753-1754. In 1780 during the American revolution, local mills, including the Wye Mill, sent 48,000 barrels of flour to the Continental Army, earning the Eastern Shore the title of “breadbasket” of the revolution. In 1790, Thomas Jefferson, then United States secretary of state, granted the third U.S. patent to Evans for his automated flour mill. Then, in the first years of the 19th century, the automated milling technology was fully installed.

 

The mill continued grinding grain for sale until 1953 when the state of Maryland bought the mill. This mill is one of the oldest business buildings still in use in the state. Perhaps more significantly, Old Wye Mill is the oldest continuously operating water-powered grist mill in the United States. Much of our 21st century technology may not last as long.

 

The Friends of Wye Mill (a non-profit) now has responsibility for the mill’s preservation and operation. The mill was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, and in 1996, Preservation Maryland passed ownership to the Friends group.

 

Located at 900 Wye Mills Road on Rte. 662, the Old Wye Mill welcomes visitors from May to October, Wednesday through Saturday, 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m., and Sunday 1:00 to 3:00 p.m. On first and third Saturdays, wheat and corn are stone-ground into flour, meal, and grits, and sold in the gift shop. The shop also offers pottery, jams, and maple syrup.

 

Trained docents guide visitors. Children will enjoy and learn from mill activity backpacks. Group tours may be arranged through the mill office by telephone at 410-827-3850.

 

References:

Old Wye Mill web site

https://www.oldwyemill.org/

 

“Want to Build Your Own Grist Mill? Oliver Evans Explains It All!” Unbound, Smithsonian Libraries and Archives, Feb. 7, 2010

https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2010/02/07/want-to-build-your-own-grist-mill-heres-how-endorsed-by-the-first-architect-of-the-capitol-too/

 

“Old Wye Grist Mill still grinding after all these years,” T.F.Sayles, Bay Journal, Apr. 18, 2019

https://www.bayjournal.com/travel/old-wye-grist-mill-still-grinding-after-all-these-years/article_4c33a587-cca2-5c81-a2bf-afcee55730b2.html

 

“Here and There in Maryland,” American Archive of Public Broadcasting, aired Nov. 1, 1978

https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_394-67jq2pb1

(starts 41:00)

 

Maryland Farm and Harvest, Episode 801, Maryland Public Television, aired Nov. 10, 2020

https://video.mpt.tv/video/episode-801-leypmm/

(starts 19:56)

 

Old Wye Mill on Google maps

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Old+Wye+Mill+(Mid+April+-+Mid+November)/@38.9412772,-76.0832188,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b86d2a32c7a1d5:0x5912ebfdcd9a4fc1!8m2!3d38.941274!4d-76.0810186

 

 

Jim Block taught English at Northfield Mount Hermon, a boarding school in Western Mass. He coached cross-country, and advised the newspaper and the debate society there. He taught at Marlborough College in England and Robert College in Istanbul. He and his wife retired to Chestertown, Md. in 2014.

 

Common Sense for the Eastern Shore

By Friends of Megan Outten July 29, 2025
Megan Outten, a lifelong Wicomico County resident and former Salisbury City Councilwoman, officially announced her candidacy recently for Wicomico County Council, District 7. At 33, Outten brings the energy of a new generation combined with a proven record of public service and results-driven leadership. “I’m running because Wicomico deserves better,” Outten said. “Too often, our communities are expected to do more with less. We’re facing underfunded schools, limited economic opportunities, and years of neglected infrastructure. I believe Wicomico deserves leadership that listens, plans ahead, and delivers real, measurable results.” A Record of Action and A Vision for the Future On Salisbury’s City Council, Outten earned a reputation for her proactive, hands-on approach — working directly with residents to close infrastructure gaps, support first responders, and ensure everyday voices were heard. Now she’s bringing that same focus to the County Council, with priorities centered on affordability, public safety, and stronger, more resilient communities. Key Priorities for District 7: Fully fund public schools so every child has the opportunity to succeed. Fix aging infrastructure and county services through proactive investment. Keep Wicomico affordable with smarter planning and pathways to homeownership. Support first responders and safer neighborhoods through better tools, training, and prevention. Expand resources for seniors, youth, and underserved communities. Outten’s platform is rooted in real data and shaped by direct community engagement. With Wicomico now the fastest-growing school system on Maryland’s Eastern Shore — and 85% of students relying on extra resources — she points to the county’s lagging investment as a key area for action. “Strong schools lead to strong jobs, thriving industries, and healthier communities,” Outten said. “Our schools and infrastructure are at a tipping point. We need leadership that stops reacting after things break — and starts investing before they do.” A Commitment to Home and Service Born and raised in Wicomico, Megan Outten sees this campaign as a continuation of her lifelong service to her community. Her vision reflects what she’s hearing from neighbors across the county: a demand for fairness, opportunity, and accountability in local government. “Wicomico is my home; it’s where I grew up, built my life, and where I want to raise my family,” Outten said. “Our county is full of potential. We just need leaders who will listen, work hard, and get things done. That’s what I’ve always done, and that’s exactly what I’ll continue to do on the County Council.” Outten will be meeting with residents across District 7 in the months ahead and unveiling more details of her platform. For more information or to get involved, contact info@meganoutten.com
By John Christie July 29, 2025
Way back in 1935, the Supreme Court determined that independent agencies like the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) and the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) do not violate the Constitution’s separation of powers. Humphrey’s Executor v. United States (1935). Congress provided that the CPSC, like the NLRB and MSPB, would operate as an independent agency — a multi-member, bipartisan commission whose members serve staggered terms and could be removed only “for neglect of duty or malfeasance in office but for no other cause.” Rejecting a claim that the removal restriction interferes with the “executive power,” the Humphrey’s Court held that Congress has the authority to “forbid their [members’] removal except for cause” when creating such “quasi-legislative or quasi-judicial” bodies. As a result, these agencies have operated as independent agencies for many decades under many different presidencies. Shortly after assuming office in his second term, Donald Trump began to fire, without cause, the Democratic members of several of these agencies. The lower courts determined to reinstate the discharged members pending the ultimate outcome of the litigation, relying on Humphrey’s , resulting in yet another emergency appeal to the Supreme Court by the administration. In the first such case, a majority of the Court allowed President Trump to discharge the Democratic members of the NLRB and the MSPB while the litigation over the legality of the discharges continued. Trump v. Wilcox (May 22, 2025). The majority claimed that they do not now decide whether Humphrey’s should be overruled because “that question is better left for resolution after full briefing and argument.” However, hinting that these agency members have “considerable” executive power and suggesting that “the Government” faces greater “risk of harm” from an order allowing a removed officer to continue exercising the executive power than a wrongfully removed officer faces from being unable to perform her statutory duty,” the majority gave the President the green light to proceed. Justice Kagan, joined by Justices Sotomayor and Jackson, dissented, asserting that Humphrey’s remains good law until overturned and forecloses both the President’s firings and the Court’s decision to award emergency relief.” Our emergency docket, while fit for some things, should not be used to “overrule or revise existing law.” Moreover, the dissenters contend that the majority’s effort to explain their decision “hardly rises to the occasion.” Maybe by saying that the Commissioners exercise “considerable” executive power, the majority is suggesting that Humphrey’s is no longer good law but if that is what the majority means, then it has foretold a “massive change” in the law and done so on the emergency docket, “with little time, scant briefing, and no argument.” And, the “greater risk of harm” in fact is that Congress provided for these discharged members to serve their full terms, protected from a President’s desire to substitute his political allies. More recently, in the latest shadow docket ruling in the administration’s favor, the same majority of the Court again permitted President Trump to fire, without cause, the Democratic members of another independent agency, this time the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Trump v. Boyle (July 23, 2025). The same three justices dissented, once more objecting to the use of the Court’s emergency docket to destroy the independence of an independent agency as established by Congress. The CPSC, like the NLRB and MSPB, was designed to operate as “a classic independent agency.” In Congress’s view, that structure would better enable the CPSC to achieve its mission — ensuring the safety of consumer products, from toys to appliances — than would a single-party agency under the full control of a single President. “By allowing the President to remove Commissioners for no reason other than their party affiliation, the majority has negated Congress’s choice of agency bipartisanship and independence.” The dissenters also assert that the majority’s sole professed basis for the more recent order in Boyle was its prior order in Wilcox . But in their opinion, Wilcox itself was minimally explained. So, the dissenters claim, the majority rejects the design of Congress for a whole class of agencies by “layering nothing on nothing.” “Next time, though, the majority will have two (if still under-reasoned) orders to cite. Truly, this is ‘turtles all the way down.’” Rapanos v. United States (2006). * ***** *In Rapanos , in a footnote to his plurality opinion, former Supreme Court Justice Scalia explained that this allusion is to a classic story told in different forms and attributed to various authors. His favorite version: An Eastern guru affirms that the earth is supported on the back of a tiger. When asked what supports the tiger, he says it stands upon an elephant; and when asked what supports the elephant, he says it is a giant turtle. When asked, finally, what supports the giant turtle, he is briefly taken aback, but quickly replies "Ah, after that it is turtles all the way down." John Christie was for many years a senior partner in a large Washington, D.C. law firm. He specialized in anti-trust litigation and developed a keen interest in the U.S. Supreme Court about which he lectures and writes.
By Shore Progress, Progessive Maryland, Progressive Harford Co July 15, 2025
Marylanders will not forget this vote.
Protest against Trumpcare, 2017
By Jan Plotczyk July 9, 2025
More than 30,000 of our neighbors in Maryland’s first congressional district will lose their health insurance through the Affordable Care Act and Medicaid because of provisions in the GOP’s heartless tax cut and spending bill passed last week.
Farm in Dorchester Co.
By Michael Chameides, Barn Raiser May 21, 2025
Right now, Congress is working on a fast-track bill that would make historic cuts to basic needs programs in order to finance another round of tax breaks for the wealthy and big corporations.
By Catlin Nchako, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities May 21, 2025
The House Agriculture Committee recently voted, along party lines, to advance legislation that would cut as much as $300 million from the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. SNAP is the nation’s most important anti-hunger program, helping more than 41 million people in the U.S. pay for food. With potential cuts this large, it helps to know who benefits from this program in Maryland, and who would lose this assistance. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities compiled data on SNAP beneficiaries by congressional district, cited below, and produced the Maryland state datasheet , shown below. In Maryland, in 2023-24, 1 in 9 people lived in a household with SNAP benefits. In Maryland’s First Congressional District, in 2023-24: Almost 34,000 households used SNAP benefits. Of those households, 43% had at least one senior (over age 60). 29% of SNAP recipients were people of color. 15% were Black, non-Hispanic, higher than 11.8% nationally. 6% were Hispanic (19.4% nationally). There were 24,700 total veterans (ages 18-64). Of those, 2,200 lived in households that used SNAP benefits (9%). The CBPP SNAP datasheet for Maryland is below. See data from all the states and download factsheets here.
Show More